Numerical Modeling of Cone Penetration Test: An LBM–DEM Approach

In this paper, the discrete element method (DEM) is coupled with Lattice Boltzmann (LBM) to model cone penetration test (CPT) of a saturated granular media. The numerical was calibrated using one-dimensional (1D) consolidation theory. results obtained from 1D simulation showed good agreement analytical equation that proposed by Terzaghi. A series LBM–DEM simulations were carried out understand effect rate on behavior materials during CPT. has predicted significant influence excess pore fluid pressure (Δu) and an insignificant resistance responses (qt) qualitatively captured rate, which consistent experimental data. Δu increased increase in rate. particle displacement velocity (U) contours have provided insights into fluctuations CPTs. attributed gradients created system based distribution plots shown maximum below region over shoulder position. evolution pattern fabric anisotropy been observed throughout depth (z) under all conditions. components (∅22) (∅11) dominated around area at boundary region, respectively. This indicates preferential orientation contacts vertical direction horizontal region. demonstrated can efficiently simulate CPT associated pressure, included cone–particle–fluid interactions